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function point

A metric that quantifies how much business functionality an information system delivers, used to determine the functional size of a software system.

Key Points

  • Technology-agnostic sizing based on what users can do with the system.
  • Counts typical elements such as external inputs, external outputs, external inquiries, internal logical files, and external interface files.
  • Supports effort estimation, productivity benchmarking, scope control, and vendor contracting.
  • Can be calculated early from requirements and refined as details emerge (e.g., IFPUG or COSMIC methods).

Example

A project team scoping a new banking app identifies features like create account (input), view balance (output), transaction search (inquiry), customer data (internal file), and credit-bureau interface (external file). They tally the function points to estimate effort and compare vendor proposals.

PMP Example Question

Which metric should a project manager use to size the scope from business requirements in a technology-independent way to support effort estimates for a new payroll system?

  1. Story points
  2. Function points
  3. Lines of code
  4. Velocity

Correct Answer: B — Function points

Explanation: Function points measure user-visible functionality independent of technology, enabling functional size estimation. Story points and velocity are team-specific agile measures, and lines of code depend on the chosen technology.

ICS/OT Cybersecurity Fundamentals — Security Built for Industrial Systems

Industrial control systems cannot be secured like ordinary IT. A forced reboot, aggressive scan, or incompatible patch can interrupt production and create real safety consequences. Effective OT security begins with understanding the systems, constraints, and risks unique to industrial environments.

This course gives IT professionals, engineers, operators, and security practitioners a practical foundation in ICS threats, zone and conduit design, risk assessment, passive asset visibility, and vendor evaluation. You will learn how IEC 62443, NIST CSF, and MITRE ATT&CK for ICS apply where availability and safety come first.

Eight reconstructed incidents—including Stuxnet, Triton, Ukraine 2015, Colonial Pipeline, and PIPEDREAM—show how attackers move through OT environments, what they target, and which defenses could have changed the outcome.

Watch the course preview, then build the vocabulary, frameworks, and judgment needed to take credible first steps in ICS/OT cybersecurity.

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ICS/OT Cybersecurity Fundamentals course preview

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