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Validation

Confirming that the product, service, or result actually satisfies customer and stakeholder needs and intended use. It is distinct from verification, which checks conformance to requirements and specifications.

Key Points

  • Focuses on fitness for use and stakeholder expectations, not just specs.
  • Often involves customer reviews, demonstrations, pilots, or user acceptance testing.
  • Occurs at phase or project milestones and can be iterative throughout development.
  • Outputs include formal acceptance, feedback, and change requests if needs are not met.

Example

A software team completes a feature set and invites end users to perform user acceptance testing. Users confirm the system supports their workflows and approve the release. This customer sign-off is validation.

PMP Example Question

Which activity best represents validation?

  1. Holding a walkthrough with end users to confirm the solution solves their business problem.
  2. Reviewing the design document to ensure it follows organizational standards.
  3. Performing an internal peer review to check the code against specifications.
  4. Updating the WBS dictionary to reflect newly added work packages.

Correct Answer: A — Confirming with users that the solution meets their needs

Explanation: Validation is about customer and stakeholder fit-for-use and acceptance. Options B and C are verification activities; D is a planning update.

ICS/OT Cybersecurity Fundamentals — Security Built for Industrial Systems

Industrial control systems cannot be secured like ordinary IT. A forced reboot, aggressive scan, or incompatible patch can interrupt production and create real safety consequences. Effective OT security begins with understanding the systems, constraints, and risks unique to industrial environments.

This course gives IT professionals, engineers, operators, and security practitioners a practical foundation in ICS threats, zone and conduit design, risk assessment, passive asset visibility, and vendor evaluation. You will learn how IEC 62443, NIST CSF, and MITRE ATT&CK for ICS apply where availability and safety come first.

Eight reconstructed incidents—including Stuxnet, Triton, Ukraine 2015, Colonial Pipeline, and PIPEDREAM—show how attackers move through OT environments, what they target, and which defenses could have changed the outcome.

Watch the course preview, then build the vocabulary, frameworks, and judgment needed to take credible first steps in ICS/OT cybersecurity.

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